Pharmacogenetic Effects of Inhaled Salbutamol on 10-km Time Trial Performance in Competitive Male and Female Cyclists
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adrenergic β2-receptor gene (ADRB2, rs1042713, and rs1042714) and epithelial Na channel gene (SCNN1A, rs2228576) on cycling performance after the inhalation of salbutamol. DESIGN: Randomized double-blind, mixed-model repeated measures. SETTING: University Research Setting. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-nine trained (maximal oxygen consumption: 62.3 ± 7.6 mL·kg·min) male and female cyclists, aged 19 to 40 years. INTERVENTIONS: Participants performed two 10-km time trials 60 minutes after the inhalation of 400 μg of salbutamol or placebo. Subjects were genotyped for the three SNPs (rs1042713: AA 8, AG 30 GG 31; rs1042714: CC 19, CG 35, GG 15; rs2228576: GG: 31 GA: 34 AA: 4). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was assessed immediately before and 30 minutes after inhalation. Performance was measured by mean power output maintained over the duration of the time trial. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in FEV1 after the inhalation of salbutamol [mean (SD) = 5.68% (4.7)] compared with placebo [0.84% (2.8); P < 0.001]; however, this did not lead to an improvement in 10-km cycling time trial performance. Neither the bronchodilatory response nor the time trial performance after salbutamol was affected by genotype at any of the 3 SNPs. CONCLUSIONS: In cyclists, FEV1 was significantly improved after salbutamol administration regardless of genotypic variation at the ADRB2 (rs1042713 and rs1042714) and SCNN1A (rs2228576) genes. Despite this improvement in lung function, 10-km time trial performance was not altered after the inhalation of salbutamol. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings did not show genotype-dependent differences in bronchodilatory responses and athletic performance to inhaled salbutamol, suggesting that genotype-specific drug therapy will not improve asthmatic athletes' care nor athletic performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".