Testing the Response of Box-Type Soil-Steel Structures under Static Service Loads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents the static loading of four long-span deep-corrugated steel box culverts with spans of 14 and 8 m. The tests, which were part of a series of full-scale tests, involved strain and displacement measurements carried out at different cover depths under the load of a truck. Two of the culverts were stiffened at the crown. The test results showed that the stiffening applied on the culverts is quite effective and that plain structure is more sensitive to cover depth compared to stiffened structure. The crown stiffening is more effective under shallow soil covers. The maximum displacement of plain structure is approximately twice the maximum displacement of the stiffened structure measured at 45-cm depth of cover. The Swedish and Canadian design methods are conservative when estimating live load moments but they underestimate live load thrusts. The measured maximum thrusts are up to four times larger than the calculated design values where the variation depends on the size of the culverts and the depth of soil. The culvert size has considerable influence on the thrusts and moments generated at the crown centerline, which could be implemented in the design models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".