Evaporation from a waste-rock surface, Key Lake, Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An accurate evaluation of the water balance and net percolation through mine waste-rock piles is critical to the development of decommissioning plans for these wastes. One of the most difficult components of the water balance to quantify is evaporation. Evaporation and the surface energy balance were directly measured from a fine- to medium-grained sand waste-rock pile near Key Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada between 6 June and 25 August 2002 using the eddy covariance method. Actual evaporation for the 81 day study period was 145 mm, which was significantly less than both a potential evaporation of 247 mm and rainfall of 236 mm during this period. The waste-rock pile had a distinct radiation and energy balance as high surface albedo reduced available energy for evaporation. The greatest fraction of daytime available energy was partitioned into latent heat, followed by soil heat flux, and sensible heat flux, respectively. The Bowen ratio averaged 0.45 ± 0.10 for the entire study period. A simple actual evapotranspiration model, which is an extension of Penman and consistent with the complementary approach, was used to simulate evaporation atop the pile. Model results indicate 134 mm of evaporation for the study period and agree well with observations.Key words: evaporation, waste-rock, energy balance, eddy covariance, acid rock drainage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".