Current applications of ultrasonic resonators to biomolecular studies.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The most versatile family of instruments providing the highest precision of acoustic measurements in the lowest sample volumes utilizes the method of fixed-path interferometer. The speed of sound in a medium is a simple function of its density and compressibility. Both parameters are determined by and, therefore, reflect the entire spectrum of intra- and intermolecular interactions within the system. In addition, compressibility probes the pressure response of these interactions. Current resonator-based instruments provide reliable measurements in diluted solutions of biological compounds with solute concentrations on the order of 1 mg/mL and solution volumes of 1 mL. They require less than 1 mg of sample, a range acceptable for the majority of biochemical and biophysical investigations. Ultrasonic velocimetric measurements have been employed to study a range of biologically relevant reactions, including the folding/unfolding transitions of proteins and helix-to-coil transitions of nucleic acids, as well as drug-DNA, ligand-protein, protein-protein, and protein-DNA association events. The limiting factor in such investigations is the need to rationalize the measured properties (volume, compressibility, and their derivatives) in terms of microscopic events, such as solute-solvent interactions. This presentation reviews biomolecular applications of acoustic measurements and discusses the development of approaches for microscopic interpretation of macroscopic volumetric observables.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".