Morphology of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates formed from water droplets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Methane and carbon dioxide hydrate crystals were formed on nearly spherical water droplets at 274.6 K and 2,150 kPa or 1,000 kPa above the corresponding three‐phase hydrate equilibrium pressure. Each experiment was performed with two droplets 5 mm and 2.5 mm in diameter or three droplets with a diameter of 2.5 mm. At the higher pressure the water droplets quickly became jagged and exhibited many needlelike or hairlike crystals extruding from the droplet, whereas at the lower pressure the surface was smooth. In almost all experiments, a depression or collapse of the hydrate layer was observed to occur. This collapse was interpreted as evidence of a continuing hydrate formation after the droplet surface was covered by the hydrate layer. The type of hydrate‐forming gas and the size of the droplet was observed not to influence the macroscopic hydrate crystal morphology. The decomposition of the methane and carbon dioxide hydrate layers was also observed. Reformation was also experimented, and the effect of memory on the morphology of hydrate crystal growth was determined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".