Active Enzyme Nanocoatings Affect Settlement of <i>Balanus amphitrite</i> Barnacle Cyprids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Balanus amphitrite cyprids produce complex adhesive substances that enable their attachment to surfaces and impart a strong detachment resistance from most immersed substrata. The colonization of man‐made structures by barnacle cyprids and other marine organisms is a troublesome and costly phenomenon, for which controlling strategies are actively sought. In this work, we expand previous investigations about the susceptibility of cyprid adhesives to unpurified proteases in solution by evaluating the interplay between these secreted biomolecules and a surface‐confined purified protease. The strategy involved the covalent immobilization of the enzyme Subtilisin A to maleic anhydride copolymer thin films through the spontaneous reaction of anhydride moieties with lysine side chains. This enabled the production of bioactive layers of tunable enzyme surface concentration and activity, which were utilized to systematically evaluate the effect of the immobilized enzyme on cyprid settlement and exploratory behavior. Surfaces of increasing enzyme activity displayed a gradual decrease in cyprid settlement levels (approaching inhibition) as well as an increase in post‐settlement adhesion failure (evidenced by significant numbers of detached metamorphosed individuals). High activities of the bound enzyme also affected pre‐settlement behavior of cyprids, reducing the velocity and total distance moved while increasing the amount and speed of meander compared to the controls. The here‐reported low enzyme surface concentrations found to be remarkably effective at reducing cyprid settlement hold promise for the use of immobilized enzymes in the control of marine biofouling.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".