Emulsifying Properties of Whey Protein‐Carboxymethylcellulose Complexes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Proteins/polysaccharides complexes could improve emulsifying properties of proteins by thickening the layer at the interface of the oil droplets. Emulsifying properties of whey protein‐carboxymethylcellulose complexes (WPI/CMC) were compared with those of a whey protein isolate (WPI). Ingredients were incorporated into oilinwater emulsions with various protein and oil contents. Visual observations, protein load, protein distribution and rheological measurements were used to evaluate emulsion stability. Protein load up to 26.1 and 48.9 mg protein/g oil were obtained for WPI and WPI/CMC emulsions, respectively. The higher protein load of WPI/CMC emulsions and visual observations indicated that WPI/CMC complexes had greater emulsifying properties against coalescence than whey proteins. However, complexes enhanced flocculation of oil droplets.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".