Photonic analog-to-digital converter using Mach-Zehnder modulators having identical half-wave voltages with improved bit resolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel approach to perform photonic analog-to-digital conversion with improved bit resolution is proposed and investigated. Instead of using Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with geometrically-scaled half-wave voltages, the MZMs in the approach have identical half-wave voltages, which greatly simplifies the implementation. To improve the bit resolution without increasing the number of MZMs, each MZM is connected with multiple comparators having multiple thresholds. The quantization and encoding are performed based on the symmetrical number system (SNS) technique. Three new quantization and encoding schemes based on the SNS are proposed and demonstrated. A 4 bit photonic analog-to-digital conversion based on the given schemes is investigated. For the given schemes, two MZMs are needed with the numbers of comparators being 14, 16, and 9, respectively. Numerical simulations and experiments are performed. The effectiveness of the proposed schemes is verified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".