The Effect of Screw Pullout Rate on Screw Purchase in Synthetic Cancellous Bone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Clinically, orthopaedic fracture fixation constructs are mounted using screws inserted into cancellous bone, while biomechanical studies are increasingly using commercially available synthetic bones. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of screw pullout rate on cancellous bone screw purchase strength in synthetic cancellous bone. Sixty synthetic cancellous bone cubes (40x40x40 mm(3)) each had one orthopaedic cancellous bone screw (major diameter=6.5 mm) inserted to a depth of 30 mm. Screws were extracted to obtain outcome measures of failure force, failure shear stress, failure energy, failure displacement, resistance force, and removal energy. The ten test groups (n=6 cubes per group) had screws extracted at pullout rates of 1 mmmin, 2.5 mmmin, 5 mmmin, 7.5 mmmin, 10 mmmin, 20 mmmin, 30 mmmin, 40 mmmin, 50 mmmin, and 60 mmmin. The aggregate average results for failure force, failure stress, failure energy, failure displacement, resistance force, and postfailure removal energy for combined pullout rates were, respectively, 984.8+/-63.9 N, 3.5+/-0.2 MPa, 298.3+/-41.7 J, 0.53+/-0.08 mm, 453.8+/-19.6 N, and 5420.1+/-489.7 J. Most statistical differences (40 of 47) involved either the 5 mmmin or the 60 mmmin rates being compared to other rates. Failure force, failure stress, and resistance force increased and were highly linearly correlated with pullout rate (R(2)=0.78, 0.76, and 0.74, respectively). Failure energy, failure displacement, and removal energy were relatively unchanged over the pullout range tested, yielding low correlation coefficients (R(2)<0.05). Failure force, failure stress, and resistance force were affected by bone screw pullout rate in synthetic cancellous bone, while failure energy, failure displacement, and removal energy remained unchanged. This is the first study to perform an extensive investigation of cancellous bone screw pullout rate in synthetic cancellous bone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".