Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To describe proton pump inhibitor (PPI)–related adverse effects in community-dwelling older adults. Data Sources: Articles were identified via PubMed (1966–March 2008) using the terms proton pump inhibitor, adverse drug effects, safety, pneumonia, fractures, Clostridium difficile, and vitamin B 12. Clinical trials, meta-analyses, and drug evaluations published in English were selected. Articles excluding patients over 65 years of age or those involving solely institutionalized patients were excluded. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Twelve studies were selected, 10 of which were case–control or population-based studies. Three of 4 studies investigating the association of PPI use with C. difficile infection found a positive association. Many participants in these studies had no history of antibiotic exposure prior to infection. Three studies found a significant relationship between community-acquired pneumonia and PPI therapy, with a possible dose–response relationship. Two studies found an increased risk of fracture with PPI use, with a possible dose–response relationship. Two of 3 included studies found an association between vitamin B 12 deficiency and PPI therapy. Data Synthesis: The majority of studies found significant associations between PPI use and the development of C. difficile infection, pneumonia, fractures, and vitamin B 12 deficiency, all of which are plausible based on the mechanisms of action of PPIs. With a lack of randomized controlled trials, the underlying causes of these adverse effects remain controversial. Conclusions: Cause and effect between PPI use and C. difficile infection, pneumonia, fractures, and vitamin B 12 deficiency has not been established. Well-designed, prospective, randomized studies are required to confirm whether there are risks associated with long-term PPI use. Until the results of such studies become available, PPI use should be reviewed for appropriateness at regular intervals in individual patients, as the consequences of these complications in the elderly could be devastating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".