Some ecological effects of underwater self-explosion of ammunition in lake lomtjärn, sweden: the impact from mercury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After the Second World War, dumping in lakes was a rational way to solve the security problem with the extensive amount of unreliable or unused ageing ammunition.Most commonly the ammunition was dumped in sealed boxes or as pieces.In some cases the ammunition was deliberately detonated when dumped.In Lake Lomtjärn, a small lake in central Sweden, extremely high levels of mercury (300 mg/kg dry weight Hg) were detected in the sediments.The mercury was expected to originate from years of dumping followed by an underwater self-explosion of ignition capsule containing mercury.The lake is unique in the sense that the mercury levels are among the highest found so far in Sweden and that no other source of pollutant is present in the area.The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact from the underwater explosion.Samples of sediment, bottom water, surface water, bottom fauna, littoral fauna and fi sh (muscle and liver) were analysed for metals as well as physical parameters in order to investigate effects on biota.Acute toxicity of bottom water was determined by Daphnia magna.Results showed very high mercury content (2-338 mg/kg dry weight) in sediment down to 15 cm depth evenly distributed over the whole lake and low levels for other heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn).Water showed low levels of mercury (0.02 µg/L in bottom and surface water) as for the other heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn).Disturbance of bottom fauna was found for BQI index and O/C index.Disturbance in littoral fauna was seen around the lake (low taxa in six families, ASPT index 5.4.Danish fauna index 4 and acidity index 2).Acute toxicity (Daphnia magna) was high.Levels of mercury in perch were high (muscle 0.6-3.59mg/kg and liver 1.05-7.64mg/kg).It was concluded that the underwater detonation of ammunition in Lake Lomtjärn has caused very high levels of mercury in the sediment and a high impact on the ecological chain.In risk assessments aiming to remediation decisions it is recommended early to highlight expected ecological pathways of (mercury) and relevant biomarkers in the ecosystem of concern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".