Effect of Residual Hearing Prior to Cochlear Implantation on Speech Perception in Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the impact of residual hearing prior to cochlear implantation on pre- and postimplantation speech perception outcomes in children. Stimulation of the auditory system prior to implantation because of the presence of residual hearing is important for development of the central auditory pathways, whereas, in the absence of such stimulation, the pathways show less development. We hypothesized that children who had some degree of residual hearing preimplantation achieve better speech perception skills than their peers with poorer hearing. From the 133 children followed in our program, we identified 37 children who had an audiometric pure-tone average of better than 95 dB HL in the better ear at any time preimplantation. Psychophysical speech perception measures, the Word Identification Picture Inventory and the Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten list, in these children were compared with those of 96 implanted children who had poorer hearing prior to implantation. Children with more residual hearing showed higher speech perception scores both before implantation and over their first year of implant use than children with poorer hearing, suggesting that there is an advantage in having a greater degree of residual hearing preimplantation. We suggest that this advantage is promoted, in part, by the greater potential for auditory stimulation provided by high-gain hearing aids in children with greater degrees of residual hearing. This advantage appears to be maintained at least over 1 year postimplantation, yet the rates of development of postimplantation speech perception are not different between the groups. We suggest that this may be due to the unique aspects of electrical stimulation from a cochlear implant. Our findings suggest that it is important to minimize the delay of speech perception skills in the preimplantation phase, particularly in children with poor residual hearing. This can be accomplished by implanting children with congenital severe to profound hearing loss at young ages and children with acquired hearing loss soon after the onset. Also, auditory stimulation prior to implantation should be maximized through the consistent use of hearing aids and therapy that emphasizes development of auditory skills.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".