New SAGD Technologies Show Promise in Reducing Environmental Impact of Oil Sand Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction In Alberta, 80 percent, or roughly 135 billion barrels, of the oil sands are buried deep below the surface and are not accessible by open pit mining. To access these valuable resources, industries use an in-situ extraction method called Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) (shown in Figure 1). Because in-situ extraction takes place mainly under the Earth's surface, less land is disturbed during the extraction process than surface mining. In 2012, Alberta's total in-situ bitumen production was about 990,000 barrels per day, a 16 percent increase over 2011. This accounts for 52 percent of Alberta's total crude bitumen production. By 2022 in-situ production is expected to reach 2.2 million barrels per day [1]. SAGD is a thermal in-situ production process where parallel wells are drilled horizontally into an underground bitumen reservoir. Steam is produced at the surface and injected into the reservoir through the shallower of the two wells (the injection well). The steam heats the bitumen to a...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".