X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis of Antiwear Tribofilms Produced on Boundary-Lubricated Steel Surfaces from Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Containing Additives and Metal Deactivator Additive
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed on AISI 52100 steel surfaces subjected to sliding in the boundary lubrication regime at 32 and 100°C. The specimens were lubricated with base oil blended with individual additives containing sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), or metal deactivator, as well as base oil with all the previous additives in the same amounts as in the single blends. XPS spectra were analyzed to confirm the formation and determine the chemical composition of the antiwear tribofilms produced on the steel surfaces during sliding. The use of S- and P-containing additives on the tested disk surfaces revealed that tribochemical reactions resulted in the formation of antiwear tribofilms containing S- and P-rich components. Results for the multi-additive blend provided evidence for two components in the produced tribofilm, appearing to consist primarily of sulfide and phosphate. This investigation provides new insight into the competing roles of these compounds on the tribological properties of the antiwear tribofilms. The significance of the sulfide components is demonstrated by the more pronounced antiwear effect of the S-containing additive in the multi-additive formulation. Keywords: X-Ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyAntiwear TribofilmsAdditivesTribological Properties ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by Chevron Oronite Company, Richmond, California. Presented at the 59th STLE Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada May 17-20, 2004 Final manuscript approved December 10, 2003 Review led by Robert Errichello
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it