Multiphase flow model to study channel flow dynamics of PEM fuel cells: deformation and detachment of water droplets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deformation and detachment conditions for a water droplet adhering to the surfaces of the cathode in PEM fuel cells are investigated. This problem is numerically modelled by considering the dynamic behaviour of a droplet located between two parallel plates. The numerical multiphase flow model is based on solving Navier–Stokes equations for Newtonian fluids in the channel. The study includes the effect of interfacial forces with constant surface tension. The volume-of-fluid method is used to numerically determine the deformation of free surfaces. Water droplet and channel fluid properties, inlet velocity and droplet size determine whether a droplet can separate from the surface or just deforms and remains stationary. The critical conditions for the droplet break-up are determined based on the Reynolds and Capillary numbers. Effects of droplet size relative to the channel width, density and viscosity ratios between the water droplet and oxidant fluid are addressed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".