The prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending an audiology clinic
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Studies of auditory hallucinations are scant. METHOD: To determine the prevalence and phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects with hearing impairment. OBJECTIVE: We surveyed 125 men and women aged 65 years and over referred to the Audiology department of a university-affiliated primary acute-care hospital. RESULTS: The prevalence of auditory hallucinations was 32.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 24.7-41.8). These hallucinations represented a spectrum of phenomenology from elementary personal impressions to complex percepts. The types of auditory hallucinations included humming or buzzing (35.9%), shushing (12.8%), beating or tapping (10.6%), ringing (7.7%), other individual sounds (15.4%), multiple sounds (12.6%), voices (2.5%) or music (2.5%). Subjects with any type of hallucination were younger and had poorer discrimination scores in the left ear and impaired binaural discrimination with lip-reading. Subjects with hallucinations that had more qualities of a true percept heard different types of sounds and had lower reflex thresholds and better air conduction in the right ear. CONCLUSION: Auditory hallucinations are frequent in elderly subjects with hearing impairment and seem to be associated with younger age and asymmetrical hearing impairment.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it