Ice-wedge casts in Late Wisconsinan glaciofluvial deposits, southern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice-wedge casts in Late Wisconsinan glaciofluvial sand and gravel deposits in southern Ontario taper downwards to form a V- or funnel-shaped morphology, ranging from 1 to over 3 m deep and from 1.0 to 2.5 m wide at the top. Pressure-derived primary structures, caused by repeated thermal contraction and expansion, include upturned strata, realigned stones, and small folds in the enclosing sediments. Although paleotemperature is difficult to estimate, the presence of ice-wedge casts testifies to the former presence of permafrost under prevailing periglacial conditions over this area. The regional till stratigraphy constrains the timing of ice-wedge growth to ca. 15 000 to ca. 13 000 BP. At this time, newly exposed terrains would have occurred in an interlobate area where severe climate created favourable conditions for permafrost to develop due to the close proximity to the receding ice. Inactive areas in braided rivers such as raised topographic surfaces and sand-filled channels with limited vegetation cover and minimal capability to trap drifting snow would have greatly enhanced ice-wedge growth. Rapid climatic amelioration and vegetation colonization across this area beginning ca. 13 000 BP probably slowed or stopped the growth of ice wedges. This limited window of opportunity, both geographically and in time, probably accounts for the limited occurrence of ice-wedge casts in southern Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".