Diet of Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) in the Salt Range, Pakistan, and potential competition with domestic sheep and goats / Régime alimentaire de l'urial du Penjab (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) dans le Salt Range (Pakistan): compétition interspécifique potentielle avec les moutons et les chèvres domestiques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Food habits of Punjab urial, domestic sheep and goats in the Salt Range, northern Punjab, Pakistan, were investigated for 2 years to determine the annual diet composition of urial and to assess the potential for competition with livestock. Seasonal trends in utilization of major forage groups were similar between years. Graminoids were the dominant forage in the urial diet, averaging 67%. Cynodon dactylon , Digitaria spp. and Eleusine compressa were the dominant graminoids in its diet. Punjab urial and domestic sheep had very similar diets, dominated by graminoids. Of 23 genera identified in the annual diets of urial and domestic sheep, 74% were used by both species. For urial and domestic sheep the diet overlap index was ≥0.80 for one species of browse, two forbs and three graminoids. Domestic goats, in contrast, showed a marked preference for browse. For urial and domestic goat, the overlap index was ≥0.80 for three browse species, one forb and no graminoids. Browse was <20% in the urial diet during spring and summer, but increased in late winter. All species increased browse consumption in winter. Our results suggest a high potential for competition between urial and domestic sheep. Urial conservation may benefit from a reduction in the number of domestic livestock within its range. Résumé Pendant 2 ans, nous avons étudié le régime alimentaire de l'urial du Penjab, des moutons et des chèvres domestiques dans le Salt Range pour évaluer la compétition potentielle avec les ongulés domestiques. L'utilisation saisonnière des principaux groupes de végétaux a été identique pour les 2 années, avec une prédominance des graminées (67%) dans le régime de l'urial, notamment de Cynodon dactylon , Digitaria spp. et Eleusine compressa . Le régime de l'urial s'est avéré très semblable à celui des moutons, avec 74% des 23 genres consommés par les deux espèces au cours de l'année. Pour l'urial et les moutons, un indice de recouvrement du régime supérieur à 0,80 a été calculé pour six espèces végétales, dont trois graminées. Les chèvres ont montré une nette préférence pour les ligneux. Un indice de recouvrement du régime avec celui de l'urial supérieur à 0,80 a été calculé pour quatre espèces végétales, dont trois ligneuses. Les trois ongulés ont consommé plus de ligneux en hiver. Nos résultats suggèrent une potentielle compétition entre l'urial et les moutons. Une diminution du nombre des ongulés domestiques sur l'aire occupée par l'urial serait bénéfique à la conservation de cette espèce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".