Sound Production by Atlantic Cod during Spawning
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Using captive groups of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from two Northwest Atlantic populations (western Scotian Shelf and southern Gulf of St. Lawrence), we quantified the temporal patterns and behavioral contexts of sound production during the spawning season. We found that sound production occurs most frequently during the peak of the spawning period, particularly after the onset of darkness. The rate of sound production by males in the western Scotian Shelf group was 8.4 times greater on average than that of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence group, and this corresponded to differences in the mass of the sound‐producing musculature. Based on behavioral observations during daylight hours, we found that sounds were associated with both courtship behavior and agonistic displays. Although sounds were produced on only 14.5% of the occasions in which a male and female swam together in a “ventral mount,” limited data suggest that ventral mounts accompanied by sound were more likely to lead to spawning. While almost all sounds produced by Atlantic cod in our study matched the short “grunt” type previously documented for this species, we report evidence for another sound, described as a “hum,” which occurs during the ventral mount immediately before gamete release. We hypothesize that sound production is related to competition among males for access to females and may help synchronize gamete release, underscoring the potential importance of sound production to Atlantic cod spawning behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".