Modeling the Instability of Carbon Nanotubes: From Continuum Mechanics to Molecular Dynamics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A hybrid continuum mechanics and molecular mechanics model is developed in this paper to predict the critical strain, stress, and buckling load of the inelastic buckling of carbon nanotubes. With the proposed model, the beamlike and shell-like buckling behavior of carbon nanotubes can be analyzed in a unified approach. The buckling solutions from the hybrid model are verified from molecular dynamics simulations via the MATERIALS STUDIO software package and from available research findings. The existence of the optimum diameter, at which the buckling load reaches its maximum, and the correlation of the diameter with the length of carbon nanotubes, as predicted by Liew et al. (2004, “Nanomechanics of Single and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes,” Phys. Rev. B, 69(11), pp. 115429), are uncovered by the hybrid model. The simplicity and effectiveness of the proposed model are not only able to reveal the chiral and size-dependent buckling solutions for carbon nanotubes, but also enable a thorough understanding of the stability behavior of carbon nanotubes in potential applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".