Economic Value Approach to Intermittent Power Generation in the Nordic Power Markets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The key elements in solving the increasing problems of power generation are to develop a sustainable and efficient production system and to utilize consumer management and demand response in a clearly stronger way than have been recently done. A significant part of the renewable energy (wind and solar) differs from most conventional (fossil fuel and nuclear) generating technologies such that they produce electricity intermittently and are not dispatchable. If traditional levelized cost approach is used it gives inappropriate and misleading results. In this paper we utilize a long-run oriented Real-Time Price based model to analyze the economic value of intermittent electricity generation in the Nordic power markets. Using this type of model it is possible to simultaneously take into account the increasing role of demand response and the specific characteristics of intermittent technology. We study the impacts of a change in production profile and increase in the share of intermittent generation to the market prices, equilibrium of other capacities, production costs, profits and CO2 emissions. Our approach which uses hourly output profiles and associated market value of electricity, gives plausible economic values for electricity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".