Feasibility Study of a Fossile Fueled Zero Emission Vehicle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the technical feasibility of onboard carbon capture in vehicles. In fact there are two different main concepts of hybrid electric vehicles with batteries and range extenders proposed. The first concept uses an Internal Combustion Engine as range extender. Carbon dioxide is separated from the flue gas of this Internal Combustion Engine by chemical or physical absorption. In the second concept a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is used as a range extender. The CO remaining in the anode exhaust gas is not combusted as usual by mixing anode and cathode exhaust gases but shifted with water vapor, sufficient available in the anode exhaust gas flow, to H₂ and CO₂. The H₂ is separated by a membrane permeable only for H₂ and recycled by the methane flow to the SOFC stack. Carbon dioxide can then be separated by simply condensing the water vapor of the anode exhaust gas of the SOFC. Carbon dioxide can either remain onboard chemically bonded, e.g., as carbonate with the absorption media or stored in a pressure vessel after desorption or condensation of the water vapor. As one mole methane produces one mole CO₂, the CO₂ can be stored in one chamber of a double chamber tank. The tank is, e.g., divided into two chambers with variable volume by a non-permeable but flexible membrane; on the other side of this membrane methane is stored. At the gasoline station the empty methane chamber is filled with new methane and the CO₂ is discharged simultaneously providing also simple fueling and CO₂ removal methods. Carbonate can also be disposed at the gasoline station and calcinated in centralized plants, i.e., CO₂ can be separated and CaO reused. Furthermore all concepts are compared in fuel efficiency and general feasibility. The SOFC concept seems to be the most attractive one, because it shows the highest efficiency, uses the simplest CO₂ capture concept and releases the captured CO₂ in gaseous state, providing the simplest CO₂ discharging method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".