Thermodynamics of absorbing solids during short-pulse laser ablation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fundamental mechanisms of matter removal involved in the interaction of short laser pulses with absorbing solids have been investigated using molecular-dynamics/Monte~Carlo simulations. This is accomplished under the two following assumptions: (i) the elementary thermodynamic properties of targets (metals and semiconductors) are adequately described by empirical potentials; (ii) in the regime where ablation is thermal, the complete time evolution of the system can be followed in p-T-P space and the result mapped onto the equilibrium phase diagram of the material. We find remarkable similarities in the physical pathways to ablation in metals and semiconductors for pulse durations ranging from 200 fs to 400 ps: (i) under conditions of isochoric heating and rapid adiabatic cooling with femtosecond pulses, several mechanisms can simultaneously account for matter removal in the target: spallation, phase explosion, vaporization, and fragmentation; the latter is identified for the first time in the context of laser ablation. (ii) Under nonadiabatic cooling with picosecond pulses, ablation is driven by a "trivial" fragmentation process in the metallic, supercritical fluid; this suggests a pulse duration upper limit for phase explosion of ~ 10-11 s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".