Generation, propagation, and breaking of an internal wave beam
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report upon an experimental study of internal gravity waves generated by the large-amplitude vertical oscillations of a circular cylinder in uniformly stratified fluid. Quantitative measurements are performed using a modified synthetic schlieren technique for strongly stratified solutions of NaCl or NaI. The oscillatory forcing leads to the development of turbulence in the region bounding the cylinder. This turbulence is found to be the primary source of the observed quasimonochromatic wave beams, whose characteristics at early times differ from theoretical predictions and experimental investigations of waves generated by small-amplitude cylinder oscillations. In particular, their wavelength is set by the Ozmidov scale rather than the size of the cylinder. The wave frequency is set by the buoyancy frequency N if the cylinder frequency is larger or much less than N. Otherwise it is set by the cylinder oscillation frequency. Over long times the finite-amplitude waves that have propagated away from their source are observed to break down and the process is examined quantitatively through conductivity probe measurements and qualitatively through unprocessed synthetic schlieren images. From an analysis of the location of wave breakdown we determine that the likely mechanism for breakdown is through parametric subharmonic instability. This conclusion is supported by fully nonlinear numerical simulations of the evolution of a temporally, although not spatially, monochromatic internal wave beam.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it