Price Dynamics in U.S. Grain and Freight Markets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the spatial price linkages in U.S. grain and transportation markets using cointegration analysis and algorithms of inductive causation on directed acyclic graphs. Transport costs and prices from alternative transportation modes are considered to provide a relatively comprehensive view of the interaction between grain and freight markets over time. Dynamic relationship among corn prices in selected U.S. markets and freight rates, extending from January 1990 to December 2002, are explored. Results suggest the Mississippi Gulf (lower Mississippi River port area) is the most dominant corn market among evaluated export and domestic markets. Also, grain barge rates on the upper Mississippi/Illinois Rivers influence domestic corn markets in contemporaneous time. In the longer‐run, significant dynamic relationships among prices in domestic and export corn markets and freight rates are observed; perturbations in transportation rates affect the variation in corn prices considerably. Le présent article examine les relations d'arbitrage spatial entre les prix pour les marchés des céréales et du transport aux États‐Unis à l'aide d'une analyse de cointégration et d'algorithmes utilisant la notion de causalité inductive sur des graphiques acycliques orientés. Les coûts et les prix de divers modes de transport sont examinés afin de fournir un tableau assez complet de l'interaction entre le marché des céréales et le marché du fret au fil du temps. Nous avons exploré la relation dynamique entre les prix du maïs sur des marchés états‐uniens sélectionnés et les taux de fret, entre janvier 1990 et décembre 2002. Les résultats indiquent que le golfe du Mississippi (zone portuaire du Mississippi inférieur) est le marché de maïs le plus important parmi les marchés intérieurs et extérieurs évalués. Les frais de transport des céréales par barge sur le cours supérieur du Mississippi et la rivière Illinois influencent les marchés intérieurs du maïs à l'heure actuelle. À long terme, des liens dynamiques importants entre les prix sur les marchés du maïs intérieur et extérieurs et les frais de transport sont observés. Des changements de frais de transport affectent considérablement la variation des prix du maïs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".