Glucocorticoid Excess Induces Accumulation of Cardiac Glycogen and Triglyceride: Suggested Role for AMPK
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glucocorticoids include steroid hormones released from the adrenal cortex or synthetic analogues developed for various inflammatory and immune disorders. GCs are known to play an important role in maintaining the body's metabolic balance, but their irregular activity has been associated with complications like Cushing's syndrome, insulin resistance, and heart disease. Conventional GC action is through their nuclear receptor activation, but specific and non-specific membrane bound receptor mediated non-genomic actions have also been reported. GCs increase AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172, in addition to augmenting AMPK protein and gene expressions. AMPK is insulin mimetic in many of its actions like glucose uptake and inhibition of lipolysis, and these properties of AMPK are made used in conditions like insulin resistance and diabetes. Nevertheless, if AMPK is activated by GC in the absence of diabetes or decreased insulin signaling, accumulation of substrates in the form of glycogen and triglycerides could precipitate cardiac abnormalities. Glycogen storage can lead to many disorders like hypertrophy, conduction system disease and Wolff Parkinson White syndrome. TG accumulation is associated with generation of free radicals, ceramide formation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac cell death. In this review, we outline the cardiometabolic changes associated with GC, especially related to augmentation in AMPK, and link these changes to cardiac dysfunction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".