On the dense bubble clouds and near bottom turbulence in the surf zone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of high‐frequency (100 kHz) acoustical backscatter in the surf zone have identified the presence of a wall formed by dense assemblages of bubbles generated by breaking gravity waves and persisting for periods up to 30 min. These bubbles are advected by alongshore and cross‐shore rip currents and are controlled by the local wave field, turbulence, dissolution, and buoyancy. During the summer of 2000 the location of the bubble wall south of Scripps Pier, California, was tracked for a 6‐week period. Distinct categories of bubble wall defined by the backscatter intensity data are observed, distinguished by the presence or absence of rip current activity. The results suggest that presence or absence of long‐period waves (10–20 s) may play a role in controlling the bubble wall type. During periods without rip currents the location of the bubble wall is controlled by the incoming wave field. Simultaneous turbulence dissipation measurements 0.4 m above the seafloor show clear dependence on the local water depth beneath incoming waves. The acoustical backscatter data are interpreted using in situ bubble and turbulence measurements in conjunction with a simple model based on bubble sorting by buoyancy, dissolution, and turbulence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".