Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the contribution of a chromosphere to the total flux may be small, it plays a vital role as the interface between the star and interstellar space, as it is where the stellar wind originates. The very outermost layers of a star are expected to be turbulent. Images of the solar chromosphere and corona reveal both small-scale inhomogeneities (prominences and spaces) and large-scale variability (polar plumes near sunspot minima, streamers near sunspot maxima), and something similar but more exaggerated can be expected in cool supergiants. Samplings of the high chromosphere in late-K supergiants show extreme variability in both density and velocity, and can be thought of as analogues of the solar case. Series of chromospheric-eclipse spectra of the Ca ii K line in 31 Cyg, 32 Cyg and ζAur demonstrate (a) the presence in the high chromosphere of discrete, rapidly-moving clumps of gas, (b) that structures are not stable or symmetrical, either from eclipse to eclipse or from ingress to egress in the same eclipse, (c) plenty of empty space, and (d) huge differences between one late-K supergiant and another. What information can this evidence offer as regards the outer structure and wind of Betelgeuse?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".