Impact of an ice storm on resident bird populations in eastern North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The January 1998 ice storm was very dramatic, particularly in Québec, with five days of nearly non-stop freezing rain and temperatures below 0 °C. We compared results of Christmas Bird Counts (complete counts conducted during one day within a 12-km radius by volunteers in winter) conducted before (1997–1998) and after (1999) the storm in control areas (16 sites) and in affected areas (15 sites). Abundance ratios (after/before) were significantly higher in control versus affected sites for Rock Dove Columba livia, Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura, Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus, Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata, Black-Capped Chickadee Parus atricapillus and House Sparrow Passer domesticus. Paired -t- tests also indicated that the abundance of Brown Creeper Certhia americana and Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens was lower in affected sites following the storm. Only European Starling Sturnus vulgaris abundance increased significantly in affected sites. Species found in open habitats that forage mostly on the ground were less affected by the storm than tree foragers were. The effect of the storm on bird populations was quite significant and increased frequency of such storms could have drastic consequences on bird populations in the long term. Key words: ice storm, birds, Christmas Bird Counts, winter survival, climate change
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".