THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE ON CAST IMMOBILIZATION INDUCED MUSCLE ATROPHY AND DETRAINING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neuromuscular degradation and muscular atrophy will occur in immobilized individuals causing loss of strength, endurance, and lean muscle tissue. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of creatine and placebo supplementation during upper limb cast immobilization on strength, muscular endurance, and lean tissue mass. METHODS Eight sedentary creatine naïve males (18–25 yr) participated in this study. Baseline measures included DXA; 1-RM isometric single arm bicep curl (BC) and single arm tricep extension (TE); and a maximum set of single arm isokinetic bicep and arm tricep extensions, using 60% 1-RM. Following the baseline measures, subjects had either their dominant or non-dominant (random) upper limb immobilized at 90° of elbow flexion with a long arm plaster cast. Using a crossover design, subjects received a placebo (maltodextrin; 4 × 5g/d) for 7 d. The cast was then removed and the same measures performed. Subjects' then resumed normal activity for 7 d and were measured again. Then the opposite limb was immobilized in the same way as before and using the same amount of casting material. During the second casting period, subjects received creatine (4 × 5 g/d) for 7 d. The cast was removed and measures performed. Subjects' then resumed normal activity for 7 d and were measured again. RESULTS Casting resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.05) losses in lean tissue mass for placebo (−4%) compared to creatine (+0.17%), 1-RM strength for placebo (−29%) compared to creatine (−6%), and maximum bicep curls and tricep extensions for placebo (−46%) compared to creatine (−5%). None of the changes during the creatine phase were significantly different from baseline; however, all of the measures performed following the placebo phase were significantly different from baseline. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a standardized dose of creatine consumed during upper arm immobilization with a cast reduced the significant loss in lean tissue mass, strength, and muscular endurance that occurred in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".