Characterization of time-domain fluorescence properties of typical photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the investigation of fluorescence lifetime of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and Photofrin© <i>in vitro</i> in MAT-LyLu (MLL) rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated in the past decade as an effective treatment option for various types of invasive tumors. The efficacy of PDT treatment depends strongly on cell uptake and subsequent excitation of the photosensitizers. Characterization of fluorescence lifetime of these drugs provides the basis for further investigation of <i>in vivo </i>PDT dosage measurements using time-domain spectroscopy and imaging. Physiologically relevant concentrations of the photosensitizer solutions were prepared. A picosecond diode laser was used to excite the two drugs and the time-resolved fluorescence decay was recorded using a time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) system. MLL cells were incubated with the photosensitizers and were treated with light under well-oxygenated or hypoxic conditions. Fluorescence lifetime images of these cells were recorded by a confocal FLIM microscope. The measured fluorescence lifetimes of both photosensitizers are much longer than typical endogenous tissue fluorescence, which suggests time-domain methods are good candidates for <i>in vivo </i>PDT monitoring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".