Pathways of the North Atlantic Current from surface drifters and subsurface floats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The North Atlantic east of the Grand Banks presents a thermal front from 40° to 50°N between the warm North Atlantic Current (NAC) and the cold Labrador Current. Here we use the trajectories of 84 isopycnal RAFOS floats deployed on the 27.2 and 27.5 σT surface in 1993–1995 and 218 surface drifters deployed by the International Ice Patrol and the Institut für Meereskunde (Kiel, Germany) between 1978 and 1993 to understand the pathways of the NAC. The mean flow pattern, kinetic energy, directional stability, and most probable path through 1° by 1° boxes are derived for each of the three surfaces. Speed and kinetic energy decrease with depth, although directional stability is comparable at all levels. The axis of the NAC, which follows the 4000 m isobath along the western boundary, is described by mean kinetic energy (MKE) values surpassing 100 cm2 s−2 at the surface or 50 cm2 s−2 on the float surfaces and correspond to regions with directional stabilities in excess of 60%. Maximum values of eddy kinetic energy are found just offshore of the maximum MKE associated with the NAC main pathway and decrease rapidly to the east. Two cyclonic meanders are identified at 44°N, 45°W near the Newfoundland Seamounts and at 46°N, 42°W near Flemish Cap. The main difference between the patterns derived for the surface drifters and floats was the greater eastward extent of the cyclonic trough at 44°N and intensity of the Mann Eddy (42°N, 44°W) during the float sampling period (1993–1995).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".