Four Important Onset Pressures for Mutual Interactions between Each of Three Crude Oils and CO<sub>2</sub>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, mutual interactions between each of three different crude oils and CO 2 are experimentally studied. Three crude oils include two light crude oils and one medium crude oil. First, a series of saturation tests are conducted to determine the onset pressure of asphaltene precipitation for each crude oil−CO 2 system. Second, the equilibrium interfacial tension (IFT) between each crude oil and CO 2 is measured as a function of the equilibrium pressure. The so-called minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of each crude oil−CO 2 system is determined by applying the vanishing interfacial tension (VIT) technique. Third, the oil-swelling effect and initial strong light-components extraction are observed during the IFT measurements. It is found that the onset pressure of asphaltene precipitation is lower if the asphaltene content of the crude oil is higher. It is also found that the measured equilibrium IFT is reduced almost linearly with the equilibrium pressure in three distinct pressure ranges for the two light crude oil−CO 2 systems and in two different pressure ranges for the medium crude oil−CO 2 system. The determined MMP is higher if the crude oil is heavier. The oil-swelling effect occurs at a low pressure, but the initial strong light-components extraction becomes dominant at a high pressure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it