A tribute to D.B. Spalding and his contributions in science and engineering
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a summary of some of the scientific and engineering contributions of Prof. D.B. Spalding up to the present time. Starting from early work on combustion, and his unique work in mass transfer theory, Spalding’s unpublished “unified theory” is described briefly. Subsequent to this, developments in algorithms by the Imperial College group led to the birth of modern computational fluid dynamics , including the well-known SIMPLE algorithm. Developments in combustion, multi-phase flow and turbulence modelling are also described. Finally, a number of academic and industrial applications of computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer applications considered in subsequent years are mentioned.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.024 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".