Configurable Input–Output Power Pad for Wafer-Scale Microelectronic Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We describe, in this paper, a new digital input-output power configurable PAD (CPAD) for a wafer-scale-based rapid prototyping platform for electronic systems. This wafer-scale platform includes a reconfigurable wafer-scale circuit that can interconnect any digital components manually deposited on its active alignment-insensitive surface. The whole platform is powered using a massive grid of embedded voltage regulators. Power is fed from the bottom side of the wafer using through silicon vias. The CPAD can be configured to provide CMOS standard voltages of 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.3 V using a single 3.3 V power supply. The digital I/O includes transistors sharing and is embedded within the regulation circuit by combining it with a turbo mode that insures high-speed operation. Fast load regulation is achieved with a 5.5-ns response time to a current step load for a maximum current of 110 mA per CPAD. The proposed circuit architecture benefits from a hierarchical arborescence topology where one master stage drives 16 CPADs with a very small quiescent current of 366 nA. The CPAD circuit and the master stage occupy a small area of 0.00847 and 0.00726 mm2, respectively, in CMOS 0.18-μm technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".