Sulfate Attack on Concrete: Effect of Partial Immersion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Traditionally, the extent of sulfate attack is qualified through visual rating or quantified by the percent expansion of slender bars completely submerged in sulfate solution. There are currently no standardized test methods that take into account the change in engineering properties because of deleterious mechanisms. Moreover, the exposure regime used to evaluate sulfate attack, complete immersion, is not typically representative of that encountered in the field. For these reasons, the objective of the research presented herein is to quantify the degree of sodium sulfate attack through the degradation of mechanical properties, specifically the compressive and splitting tensile load capacities of standard cylindrical specimens. A novel exposure regime is utilized wherein the specimens are only partially submerged in 5% sodium sulfate solution, creating an evaporation front similar to that of field exposure. It was found that the portion submerged in sulfate solution, although visually pristine, was the weaker portion of the cylinder for both mechanical tests, even though the other half showed extensive signs of surface disintegration caused by salt crystallization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".