Bibliographic record
Abstract
The volumetric expansion accompanying the phase transition from water to ice does not always cause structural deterioration in soil, as at low water contents the empty pore volume of the soil may be sufficient to contain this expansion. The objective of this study was to investigate the volume change in soils of varying clay contents and initial water contents during the freezing process. Volume change upon freezing was measured for seven soils with clay contents ranging from 0.11 to 0.75 kg kg –1 . Curve fitting revealed percent saturation levels corresponding to maximum shrinkage, zero volume change and maximum expansion. Curves for all soils exhibited similar shapes, composed of zones dominated by volumetric decreases at values less that 63 to 70% saturation, and expansion at percent saturations above this level. Zero volume change occurred at percent saturations of 74 to 90%. Clay content was found to control the maximum amount of shrinkage, with greater shrinkage in soils with higher clay contents. Bulk soil volume decreases occur in non-rigid clay containing soils due to desiccation and shrinkage when frozen at low water contents.Key words: Volume change, soil freezing, cla
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".