Prevalence of Zoonotic Anisakid Nematodes in Inuit-Harvested Fish and Mammals from the Eastern Canadian Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human anisakidosis is a recognized Arctic zoonosis that is directly related to the consumption of traditional Inuit foods, particularly raw fish. The epidemiology of infections with the zoonotic anisakid nematodes Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens was investigated from August 2007 to July 2009 in Inuit-harvested fish and marine mammals from Inuit regions of Nunavik, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut, Canada. Fish were tested for anisakid larvae using the pepsin-HCl digestion method, and the stomachs or stomach contents of beluga whales, walruses, and three seal species were examined for anisakids. Anisakids were found in seven of eight fish species, as well as in ringed seals (18.2%; 31/170), bearded seals (75.0%; 12/16), and beluga whales (78.9%; 15/19), but not walruses (0%; 0/15). In fish, the odds of being infected with A. simplex and/or P. decipiens was 68.6 (95% confidence interval, 11.6-627.7) times higher in marine fish than in anadromous fish, after adjusting for length of fish. Negative binomial models were created for animal species with large enough sample sizes and parasite prevalence estimates to assess risk factors associated with anisakid abundance. In seals, the only risk factor significantly associated with increasing anisakid abundance was increasing length (p < 0.01), while in beluga whales, the only significant risk factor was year of capture (p = 0.03). In fish, length was the variable most commonly associated with increased anisakid larval abundance, with longer fish having significantly higher larval abundances than shorter fish of the same species. The presence of A. simplex and P. decipiens in bearded seals, ringed seals, and beluga whales from Inuit hunting grounds suggests that they likely act as definitive hosts for these parasites in these environments. With respect to zoonotic disease risk associated with Inuit country foods, among the species of fish examined, Atlantic tomcod, polar cod, and sculpins represented the greatest risk of foodborne disease from A. simplex and P. decipiens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".