Single element high frequency (<50 MHz) PZT sol gel composite ultrasound transducers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A sol gel composite process has been used to produce lead zirconate titanate coatings in the thickness range of 3 to 100 microm on aluminum substrates. The complex permittivity (epsilon(33)(S )), elastic stiffness (c(33)(D)), and the piezoelectric constant (h(33)) of the coating and the complex elastic stiffness (c(33)(D)) of the substrate have been determined using impedance measurements and a commercially available software program [Piezoelectric Resonance Analysis Program PRAP 2.0, TASI Technical Software, Kingston, Ontario, Canada]. The complex components of the material parameters account for the losses within the film and the substrate. Sol gel composite films on aluminum have a dielectric constant of 220 with an imaginary component of 1% and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of up to 0.24 with an imaginary component of 3%. These films are applied to the fabrication of a high frequency transducers suitable for ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). By combining the sol gel composite material with existing transducer fabrication techniques, single-element focusing transducers have been produced that operate in the frequency range of 70 to 160 MHz. Devices have -6-dB bandwidths up to 52% and minimum insertion losses ranging from -47 to -58 dB. Real-time images of phantom materials and ex vivo biological samples are shown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".