Effect of Renin-Angiotensin System Blockade on the Expression of the Angiotensinogen Gene and Induction of Hypertrophy in Rat Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies have shown that high levels of glucose and angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulate hypertrophy and the expression of matrix protein genes in mouse proximal tubular cells in vitro. The present study tested the hypothesis that blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibits the stimulatory effect of high levels of glucose on the expression of the renal angiotensinogen (ANG) gene and the formation of Ang II and subsequently attenuates the induction of hypertrophy in kidney proximal tubular cells. Immortalized rat proximal tubular cells (IRPTC) were cultured in monolayer. The levels of expression of rat ANG and ANG mRNA in the IRPTC were quantified by specific radioimmunoassays for rat ANG (RIA-rANG) and by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, respectively. Hypertrophy of IRPTC was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACScan) and cellular protein assay. Our studies showed that losartan (an Ang II (AT(1))-receptor blocker), perindopril and captopril (inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme) blocked the stimulatory effect of a high level of glucose (i.e. 25 mM) on the expression of the rat ANG gene and hypertrophy in IRPTC but not by the Ang II (AT(2))-receptor blocker. Our studies indicate that the blockade of RAS is effective in inhibiting the stimulatory effect of hyperglycemia on the expression of the ANG gene and hypertrophy in IRPTC, supporting the notion that the local formation of intrarenal Ang II may play a role in the development of renal hypertrophy during early diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".