Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents injection-locked CMOS active transformer voltage-controlled oscillators. The tunable coupling ratio, large and tunable self and mutual inductances, high and tunable quality factors, and a small silicon area consumption of CMOS active transformers allow the oscillators to have a large frequency tuning range with low silicon consumption. The injection-locking mechanism ensures that the phase noise of the oscillators is comparable to that of corresponding LC tank oscillators. The proposed oscillators can be used to construct frequency dividers of high-frequency frequency synthesizers where the oscillators are typically LC-tanks based. One active transformer VCO, three injection-locked active transformer VCOs, and one LC-tank VCO that oscillate at the same frequency have been designed in TSMC-0.18 mum 1.8 V CMOS technology and analyzed using SpectreRF from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM3v3 device models. Simulation results show that the phase noise of active transformer VCO without injection-locking is approximately -92 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset. The phase noise of injection-locked active transformer VCOs is approximately -119 dBc/Hz while that of passive LC tank oscillator is -121 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".