Characterization of Retinoic Acid Receptor-deficient Keratinocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retinoids are essential for normal epidermal growth and differentiation and show potential for the prevention or treatment of various epithelial neoplasms. The retinoic acid receptors (RARalpha, -beta, and -gamma) are transducers of the retinoid signal. The epidermis expresses RARgamma and RARalpha, both of which are potential mediators of the effects of retinoids in the epidermis. To further investigate the role(s) of these receptors, we derived transformed keratinocyte lines from wild-type, RARalpha, RARgamma, and RARalphagamma null mice and investigated their response to retinoids, including growth inhibition, markers of growth and differentiation, and AP-1 activity. Our results indicate that RARgamma is the principle receptor contributing to all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-mediated growth arrest in this system. This effect partially correlated with inhibition of AP-1 activity. In the absence of RARs, the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide inhibited growth; this was not observed with RA, 9-cis RA, or the synthetic retinoid (E)-4-[2-(5, 5, 8, 8 tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl] benzoic acid. Finally, both RARalpha and RARgamma differently affected the expression of some genes, suggesting both specific and overlapping roles for the RARs in keratinocytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".