Direct Medical Cost of Managing IBD Patients: A Canadian Population-based Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to quantify the direct medical cost of treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Manitoba in 2005/2006. METHODS: In all, 7375 individuals with IBD recorded in the University of Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database were matched on age, gender, and geography to up to 10 non-IBD controls. Data for cases and controls were extracted from Manitoba Health databases in fiscal 2005/2006 for pharmaceutical, physician claims, and hospital abstracts. The mean and median expenditure were computed for the annual cost of pharmaceuticals, hospitalizations (day surgery and inpatient), and physician office visits. We assessed costs based on age, gender, type of IBD, disease duration, and level of care provided. RESULTS: In 2005/2006 the mean direct cost of an IBD case was $3896 (standard error [SE] = $90) which was twice that of controls (P < 0.05). Crohn's disease (CD; n = 3735) was significantly more costly on average than ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 3640) ($4232; SE = $137 and $3552; SE = $117, respectively, P < 0.001). The most costly cases included those within 1 year of diagnosis ($6611; SE = $593), those hospitalized overnight (15%) ($13,495, SE = $416; max = $130,332), those who had a surgical stay (2% of IBD cases) ($18,749, range = $13,413-$125,912), and those using infliximab (0.7%) ($31,440, SE = $2311; max = $96,328). For individuals using infliximab their direct annual average healthcare cost was $9683 (SE = $1745, Max = $55,208) prior to using infliximab. CONCLUSIONS: In Manitoba the direct average annual healthcare cost of CD is greater than UC and that of a patient using infliximab tends to be greater than one incurring a surgical stay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".