SUBSTELLAR OBJECTS IN NEARBY YOUNG CLUSTERS (SONYC). IV. A CENSUS OF VERY LOW MASS OBJECTS IN NGC 1333
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SONYC— Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters —is a program to investigate the frequency and properties of young substellar objects with masses down to a few times that of Jupiter. Here we present a census of very low mass objects in the ∼1 Myr old cluster NGC 1333. We analyze near-infrared spectra taken with Fiber Multi-Object Spectrograph/Subaru for 100 candidates from our deep, wide-field survey and find 10 new likely brown dwarfs with spectral types of M6 or later. Among them, there are three with ≳M9 and one with early L spectral type, corresponding to masses of 0.006 to ≲ 0.02 M ☉ , so far the lowest mass objects identified in this cluster. The combination of survey depth, spatial coverage, and extensive spectroscopic follow-up makes NGC 1333 one of the most comprehensively surveyed clusters for substellar objects. In total, there are now 51 objects with spectral type M5 or later and/or effective temperature of 3200 K or cooler identified in NGC 1333; 30–40 of them are likely to be substellar. NGC 1333 harbors about half as many brown dwarfs as stars, which is significantly more than in other well-studied star-forming regions, thus raising the possibility of environmental differences in the formation of substellar objects. The brown dwarfs in NGC 1333 are spatially strongly clustered within a radius of ∼1 pc, mirroring the distribution of the stars. The disk fraction in the substellar regime is <66%, lower than for the total population (83%) but comparable to the brown dwarf disk fraction in other 2–3 Myr old regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".