A Sensitive Method for Detection of Sulfamethazine and <i>N</i><sup>4</sup>-Acetylsulfamethazine Residues in Environmental Samples Using Solid Phase Immunoextraction Coupled with MALDI-TOF MS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfamethazine (SMT) and its major metabolite, N(4)-acetylsulfamethazine (NA-SMT), were each recovered from spiked water (0.1 ppb) and 10% (w/v) aqueous suspensions of soil (1 ppb) or composted manure (1 ppb), by using a three-stage solid phase immunoextraction (SPIE) system, followed by detection with matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Sulfonamide recovery rates are reported for separate stages of the SPIE system and for trace-level sulfonamide SPIE extraction from the environmental samples. SPIE MALDI-TOF MS is a rapid and definitive technique with potentially better efficiency relative to other established trace-level sulfonamide analytical methods. SPIE MALDI-TOF MS required 1.5 h per batch (8-24 samples/batch) for sample enrichment, 5 min per batch for probe preparation, and 5 min per sample to acquire and process the spectrum. This is the first time MALDI-TOF MS has been reported as a potential means of detecting trace-level drug residues in complex environmental samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".