Studying the Effects of Pore Geometry, Wettability and Co-Solvent Types on the Efficiency of Solvent Flooding to Heavy Oil in Five-Spot Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Pore geometry and wettability are fundamentally the most important parameters that control the miscible displacement efficiency of oil reservoirs. Understanding the physics of solvent flooding process in micro scale can result in significant improvement to better describing the miscible processes observed in laboratory and in the field. However, displacement behavior of a co-solvent at different wettability conditions under the influence of pore geometry in five-spot models remains a topic of debate in the literature. Here, miscible solvent injection experiments performed on several one-quarter five spot glass micromodels. Network patterns with different pore geometries along with those obtained from thin sections of sandstone and carbonate rocks were used in the experiments. Wettability of the micromodels was altered towards strongly water-wet and oil-wet conditions by applying a new chemical procedure. Influence of four different groups of chemicals and their mixtures as co-solvents as well as the effect of pore geometry parameters, on microscopic and macroscopic displacement efficiency in both strongly wetted media have been investigated. Precise analyses of the high quality pictures provided continuously during experiments were used to explore the solvents' displacement behavior. An optimum mixture of co-solvents with greatest sweep efficiency was determined. The results showed that the displacement efficiency of the solvents is generally higher in strongly water-wet medium, but its extent is dependent on pore geometrical factors. Star-shape pores with higher coordination number and lower pore-throat size ratio showed maximum displacement efficiency. In addition, the sweep efficiency in heterogeneous patterns was in the range of the data obtained from network patters with similar geometrical parameters. The microscopic observations confirmed that the presence of connate water in strongly water-wet medium could improve the final recovery, while the recovery factor in absence of connate water was not affected majorly by surface wettability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".