Trace element and metallothionein concentrations in seabirds from the Canadian Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Livers and kidneys were collected for five seabird species from the Canadian Arctic during the 1983 and 1991 to 1993 breeding seasons. Livers were analyzed for Cd, Hg, Pb, and Se, and kidneys were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Zn, and metallothionein (MT). Concentrations of the essential elements, Cu and Zn, were in agreement with those previously published in the literature. Thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) from Ivujivik on the Hudson Strait/Hudson Bay coast in northwestern Quebec (Canada) had the highest mean renal concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd. Among the four species collected from Prince Leopold Island, northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) had the highest hepatic concentrations of both Cd and Hg. The highest Se concentrations were found in northern fulmars and black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) from Prince Leopold Island. Hepatic Pb concentrations were low (<0.3 microg/g dry wt) in all species at all locations. Metallothionein concentrations were positively correlated with Cd and Zn for all species combined but were not correlated with Cu in any species. No significant relationships were found between MT and Cu or Zn in black guillemots (Cepphus grylle) or glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus). To our knowledge, this is the first report of MT concentrations and their relationships with trace metals in Arctic seabirds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".