Acetaminophen-lnduced Toxicity to Human Epidermoid Cell Line A431 and Hepatoblastoma Cell Line Hep G2, in vitro. Is Diminished by Silymarin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The skin and liver may be targets for cytotoxicity induced by oxidative drug metabolites. We used human epidermoid A431 cells and human hepatoblastoma Hep G2 cells as the experimental model. The aim of the study was to investigate and evaluate the effect of silymarin on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced toxicity under controlled conditions. Silymarin is known to be a potent antioxidant that diminishes toxicity induced by a variety of other hepatotoxins (e.g. Amanita phaloides, algae's toxins, carbon tetrachloride). Glutathione (GSH) depletion was enhanced by adding to the medium buthionine sulfoximine [L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, BSO]. Cells were incubated with high-concentration 5-20 mM APAP or alpha-(minimum essential medium for 2-24 h to evaluate the drug's ability to reduce cytoviability. Viability was then quantitated by metabolism of the tetrazolium dyes (MTT) and neutral red (NR). Cytoviability was 100% for controls. For Hep G2 treated for 24 h with 20 mM, APAP viability was 56.0% by MTT and 62.5% by NR. BSO-treated cells showed an enhanced cytotoxicity, determined by both assays. Administration of 0.5 mM silymarin reduced cytotoxicity significantly. In A431 cells, treatment with 20 mM APAP reduced viability by 57% (MTT) and 69% (NR) versus control (100%). BSO further decreased viability. Since incubation with silymarin showed significant protection against APAP toxicity, it can be considered a cytoprotective agent in this in vitro model of drug toxicity. GSH concentrations in both cell lines decrease significantly after exposure to 20 mM APAP, or 0.5 mM versus control (p < 0.05), and increased (p < 0.001) if incubated with APAP and silymarin. The protective effect could be through mitochondrial membrane stabilization and/or an increase in available GSH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".