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Record W2083885199 · doi:10.1177/105756770001000102

Recent Trends in Sentencing and Penal Policy in New Zealand

2000· article· en· W2083885199 on OpenAlex
Mark Brown, Warren Young

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Criminal Justice Review · 2000
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicCriminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCriminal justiceDiscretionPoliticsPrisonCriminologyModernization theoryPolitical scienceQuarter (Canadian coin)SociologyLawHistory

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The last quarter century in New Zealand has witnessed enormous social, economic, and cultural change. Criminal justice has not been spared in this process, and the present article considers five key areas of sentencing and penal policy where the pressures to review and reassess have perhaps been greatest. Examined here are the growth of prison populations and the rising intensity of penal measures, the reinvention of rehabilitation as a core goal of correctional programming, the increasing use of diversion from the formal processes ofjustice and new trends of experimentation with novel forms of diversion, the rise and rise of the importance accorded to victims of crime (both as individual victims and jointly as stakeholders in the criminal justice process), and, finally, the efforts undertaken over a long period to address concerns about consistency and coherence in sentencing while recognizing the special place of discretion in New Zealand's sentencing culture. Overall, the impact of changes and developments in these areas has been uneven. It is not possible, therefore, to characterize this period as one of penal modernization. A number of countervailing trends, such as political pressure for regressive measures directed toward particular groups of offenders, have meant that innovations must sit side by side with the tired and often discredited approaches of earlier eras.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.991
Threshold uncertainty score0.997

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.048
GPT teacher head0.395
Teacher spread0.347 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it