Effect of neck injection and handler visibility on behavioral reactivity of beef steers1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of the neck region as an injection site in cattle is becoming routine. Use of a blind may reduce aversive behavior caused by the presence of the person administering the injection. To evaluate whether cattle react to the proximity of the stockperson or to the actual injection, one hundred twenty 10-mo-old Angus steers (298 +/- 28 kg of BW; mean +/- SD) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups using a partial crossover design (neck/sham injection x blind/no blind) replicated over 2 d (3 d apart). Steers were restrained for a total of 60 s in a squeeze chute, with treatment being administered 20 s after entry. Animal reactivity was rated using 2 scoring methods, including a visual and an electronic score, for three 20-s intervals (pre-treatment, treatment, and posttreatment intervals). Flight speed (m/s) was used as a measure of aversion to the treatments and was taken upon release from the chute. No interactions (P > 0.10) were observed between the blind and injection treatments for any of the measurements taken. No treatment or day effect on flight speed (2.7 vs. 2.6 m/s; P > 0.03) was observed; however, the correlation between days (r = 0.74; P < 0.001) was significant. Visual scores indicated that injected steers were more agitated during the treatment interval than were the sham injected steers (1.9 vs. 1.6, respectively; P = 0.01). However, no differences (P > 0.10) were found between injection and sham injection treatments for any of the electronic scores. Steers exposed to the blind had lower electronic reactivity scores (P < 0.05) than those not exposed to the blind, which was in contrast to the results obtained for the visual scores (P < 0.05). Discrepancies between reactivity scores may be due to the difficulty of accurately assessing minor animal responses using the visual method. The presence of a handler during an injection procedure could be a contributor to the aversion response observed in cattle undergoing routine neck injections, and use of a blind helped to reduce the reactivity of the steers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".